Anatomy, physiology and reproduction of cells

Research shows that the smallest units of life is the cell. The word "cell" itself forward by Robert Hooke which means "empty boxes", after he observed slice of cork under a microscope.

Furthermore concluded that the cell is made up of a substance called protoplasm unity. Protoplasm term first used by Johannes Purkinje; according to Johannes Purkinje protoplasm is divided into two parts, namely the cytoplasm and Nukleoplasma

Robert Brown suggested that the nucleus (the cell nucleus) is the part that plays an important role in the cell, Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells derived from the cell (OMNIS cellula E cellula).

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CELL

Anatomically cell is divided into 3 parts, namely:

1. Plasma Membrane (or Plasma Membrane Plasmalemma).
2. Cytoplasm and organelles Tues
3. Core cell (nucleus).

1. Plasma membranes (Plasmalemma)
That membrane or cell membrane is composed of the most remarkable chemical compound Lipoprotein (a combination of fat or lipid compounds and compounds Protein).
Lipoproteins are composed of three layers when viewed from the outside in order are:
Protein - Lipid - Protein Þ Trilaminer Layer

Fat is Hidrofebik (insoluble in water) while the protein is Hydrophilic (water soluble), therefore plasma membrane is selective permeable or semi-permeable (from Overton theory).

Selectively permeable means only insert / certain molecules are skipped.

The function of the plasma membrane is organized transportation of substances from one cell to another cell.

Specialized in plant cells, in addition to having the plasma membrane there is still one more structure that is located outside the plasma membrane called the cell wall (Cell Wall).

The cell wall is composed of two layers of cellulose compounds, in between the two layers of cellulose was contained cavity called the Middle lamellae (Middle lamellae) that can be filled by reinforcing substances such as lignin, Chitine, pectin, and other Suberine

In addition to the plant cell wall there is a gap sometimes called a dot. At that point / Pit Cytoplasm often there is an extension called Plasmodesma whose function is similar to nerve function in animals.

2. Cytoplasm and cell organelles
The fluid inside the cell called the cytoplasm that are specific to the fluid in the cell nucleus called Nukleoplasma), medium-heavy and has a specific function used Organelles Tues

The main constituent of the cytoplasm is water (90%), serves as a solvent for chemical substances as well as the reaction medium kirnia cells.

Cell organelles are solid objects contained in the cytoplasm and are living (running the functions of life).

The cell organelles include:

a. Endoplasmic reticulum (re.)
That shaped structure threads which empties into the cell nucleus.
There are two types of RE are:
• RE. Granular (Rough E.R)
• RE. Agranuler (Smooth E.R)

Function R.E. are: for the transport of substances within the cell itself. Structure R.E. only be seen with an electron microscope.

b. Ribosomes (Ergastoplasma)
This structure consists of two spherical particles large and small, there are inherent throughout the RE and some are solitary. Ribosomes are the smallest cell organelles that are suspended in the cell.

The function of the ribosome are: site of protein synthesis.
This structure can only be seen with an electron microscope.

c. Miitokondria (The Power House)
Cigar-shaped structure has two layers of membranes.
Layer it grooved and named Krista

Mitochondrial function is at the center of cellular respiration produces more ATP (energy) and therefore mitochondrial given the nickname "The Power House".

d. Lysosomes
The function of these organelles is a digestive enzyme-producing and storage size. One was named Lisozym nnya Enzi.

e. Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus = Diktiosom)
Organelle is associated with excretion function of cells, and this structure can be seen using ordinary light microscope.

This organelle found in many organs of the body that implements the function of excretion, such as kidneys.

J. Centrosome (centrioles)
Star-shaped structures that function in cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis). Centrosome acts as polar bodies in mitosis and meiosis.
This structure can only be viewed using an electron microscope.

g. Plastids
Can be seen with ordinary light microscope. There are three types of plastids are:
1. Lekoplas
(White plastids serve as food storage),
consists of:
• Amiloplas (animal lays storing starch) and,
• Elaioplas (Lipidoplas) (untukmenyimpan fats / oils).
• Proteoplas (for storing protein).

2. Chloroplasts
the green plastids. This function produces plastids
chlorophyll and photosynthesis as the meeting place.

3. Kromoplas
the plastids that contain pigments, for example:
• Carotene (yellow)
• Fikodanin (blue)
• Fikosantin (yellow)
• Fikoeritrin (red)

h. Vacuoles (RonggaSel)
Some experts do not enter the vacuole as cell organelles. These objects can be seen with ordinary light microscope. Membrane barrier between the cytoplasmic vacuoles called Tonoplas

Vacuoles containing:
• organic salts
• glycosides
• tannins (substances tanner)
• etheric oils (eg Jasmine in Jasmine, Roseine on roses
Zingiberine the ginger)
• alkaloids (such as caffeine, Kinin, Nicotine, Likopersin etc.)
• enzyme
• starch grains

In boberapa known species of the contractile vacuole and non-contractile vaknola.

i. Microtubules
Thready cylindrical, rigid, serves to maintain cell shape and a "framework of the cell".
Examples of these organelles include bubble threads cleavage useful addition microtubules in pembentakan centrioles, flagella and cilia.

j. Microfilaments
As Microtubules, but softer. Its main component is formed from proteins actin and myosin (as in muscle). Microfilaments play a role in cell motility.

k. Peroxisomes (Micro Agency)
Same size as Lysosomes. Organelles is always associated with other organelles, and many contain oxidase and catalase (many stored in liver cells).

3. Core cell (nucleus)

Cell nucleus composed of parts which are:
• Selapue Core (Karioteka)
• Nukleoplasma (Kariolimfa)
• Chromatin / Chromosomes
• nucleolus (core child).

Based on the presence or absence of membrane core group of cells we know of two, namely:

• prokaryotic cells (cells that have no nucleus membrane), for example, found
in bacteria, algae blue.
• Eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus membrane).

The function of the cell nucleus are: regulate all activity (activities) cells, because there is a chromosome in the cell nucleus that contains the ADN that regulate protein synthesis.

Carbon Compounds

Karbin compounds abundant in nature, both derived from living beings, inanimate objects, or produced synthetically in the laboratory. The ability of carbon atoms forming a chain of bonds between carbon atoms resulted banyakna molekusl variety of carbon compounds.

1. Reaction-reakis Carbon Compounds
There are 3 main reactions that can occur in the reaction of carbon compounds substitution, addition and elimination.

a. The substitution reaction
Subitusi reaction is the reaction force at the turn of the atom or a carbon compound with another atom or group.

b. Addition reactions
Addition reactions occur when carbon compounds that have carbon double bond terminated two or three double bonds to one atom or group entered.

c. Elimination reactions
Elimination reaction is a reaction that involves the release of ions, atoms, or groups.

2. Role of Functional Groups of carbon compounds
a. functional groups can determine the nature of the compound.
b. functional groups is an active part in action with other compounds.

Understanding structure and function of cells

The cell is the basic unit of the human body where each organ is gregasi / unification of the various cells that are united to one another by endorsement interselluler structures. Each type of cell is devoted to perform a particular function. For example, the number of red blood cells 25 trillion serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

In addition to red blood cells there are about 75 trillion cells that make up the human body else, so that the number of human cells in about 100 trillion cells. Although many cells are different from one another, but generally the whole cell sifar have basic properties that are similar to each other, for example:

1). oxygen is bound to the carbohydrate, fat or protein in each cell to release energy
2). common mechanism to change food into energy
3). each cell release final results to the fluid surrounding the reaction
4). almost all cells have the ability to conduct reproductive and if a particular cell gets damaged then other similar cells will regenerate In general, the cells that make up the human body has a basic structure consisting of a cell membrane, protoplasm and the cell nucleus (nucleus).


All three have a chemical composition consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

a. Water The main fluid medium of the cell is water, which is present in 70-85% concentration. Many chemicals cell soluble in water, while others are in the form of suspension or membranous

b. Electrolyte The most important of the cell electrolyte is Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Chloride and Calcium. Inorganic electrolyte provides material for cellular reactions and mechanisms involved in the control of cell

c. Protein Plays an important role in virtually all physiological processes and can be summarized as the following:

1. Enzymatic Process
2. The process of transport and storage
3. The process of movement
4. Mechanical function
5. Immunological processes
6. Originator and conductor of impulses in nerve cells
7. Regulate the growth and regeneration

d. Fat Fatty acids are a component of the cell membrane is a long hydrocarbon chain, while the fatty acids stored in the cell is triacylglycerol, a highly hydrophobic molecule. Because triacylglycerol molecule is not soluble in water / saline solution it will form lipid droplets in fat cells (adipose cells), which is a source of energy. Fatty molecules that make up cell membranes have hydroxyl groups (phospholipids and cholesterol) that can bind to the water, while the other hydrophobic groups (not tied to water) so-called amfifatik.

e. Carbohydrate A carbohydrate composed of atoms C, H, and O. Carbohydrates that have 5 C atoms are called pentoses, six C atoms called hexosa are carbohydrates that are essential for cell function. Carbohydrates are made up of many units called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides serve as a backup energy source and as components that make up the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Carbohydrates that bind to proteins (glycoproteins) and that bind to fats (glycolipids) is an important structure of the cell membrane. Besides structuring glycolipids and glycoproteins blood group antigens that can induce an immunological reaction. Similarly, other living beings, the same chemical constituent cells. Constituent chemical compound called a blastema cells. Protoplasm is a complex substance. Most of the protoplasm consist of water. nevertheless characterize the protein structure. Organic compounds in the protoplasm form of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids.