Research shows that the smallest units of life is the cell. The word "cell" itself forward by Robert Hooke which means "empty boxes", after he observed slice of cork under a microscope.
Furthermore concluded that the cell is made up of a substance called protoplasm unity. Protoplasm term first used by Johannes Purkinje; according to Johannes Purkinje protoplasm is divided into two parts, namely the cytoplasm and Nukleoplasma
Robert Brown suggested that the nucleus (the cell nucleus) is the part that plays an important role in the cell, Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells derived from the cell (OMNIS cellula E cellula).
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CELL
Anatomically cell is divided into 3 parts, namely:
1. Plasma Membrane (or Plasma Membrane Plasmalemma).
2. Cytoplasm and organelles Tues
3. Core cell (nucleus).
1. Plasma membranes (Plasmalemma)
That membrane or cell membrane is composed of the most remarkable chemical compound Lipoprotein (a combination of fat or lipid compounds and compounds Protein).
Lipoproteins are composed of three layers when viewed from the outside in order are:
Protein - Lipid - Protein Þ Trilaminer Layer
Fat is Hidrofebik (insoluble in water) while the protein is Hydrophilic (water soluble), therefore plasma membrane is selective permeable or semi-permeable (from Overton theory).
Selectively permeable means only insert / certain molecules are skipped.
The function of the plasma membrane is organized transportation of substances from one cell to another cell.
Specialized in plant cells, in addition to having the plasma membrane there is still one more structure that is located outside the plasma membrane called the cell wall (Cell Wall).
The cell wall is composed of two layers of cellulose compounds, in between the two layers of cellulose was contained cavity called the Middle lamellae (Middle lamellae) that can be filled by reinforcing substances such as lignin, Chitine, pectin, and other Suberine
In addition to the plant cell wall there is a gap sometimes called a dot. At that point / Pit Cytoplasm often there is an extension called Plasmodesma whose function is similar to nerve function in animals.
2. Cytoplasm and cell organelles
The fluid inside the cell called the cytoplasm that are specific to the fluid in the cell nucleus called Nukleoplasma), medium-heavy and has a specific function used Organelles Tues
The main constituent of the cytoplasm is water (90%), serves as a solvent for chemical substances as well as the reaction medium kirnia cells.
Cell organelles are solid objects contained in the cytoplasm and are living (running the functions of life).
The cell organelles include:
a. Endoplasmic reticulum (re.)
That shaped structure threads which empties into the cell nucleus.
There are two types of RE are:
• RE. Granular (Rough E.R)
• RE. Agranuler (Smooth E.R)
Function R.E. are: for the transport of substances within the cell itself. Structure R.E. only be seen with an electron microscope.
b. Ribosomes (Ergastoplasma)
This structure consists of two spherical particles large and small, there are inherent throughout the RE and some are solitary. Ribosomes are the smallest cell organelles that are suspended in the cell.
The function of the ribosome are: site of protein synthesis.
This structure can only be seen with an electron microscope.
c. Miitokondria (The Power House)
Cigar-shaped structure has two layers of membranes.
Layer it grooved and named Krista
Mitochondrial function is at the center of cellular respiration produces more ATP (energy) and therefore mitochondrial given the nickname "The Power House".
d. Lysosomes
The function of these organelles is a digestive enzyme-producing and storage size. One was named Lisozym nnya Enzi.
e. Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus = Diktiosom)
Organelle is associated with excretion function of cells, and this structure can be seen using ordinary light microscope.
This organelle found in many organs of the body that implements the function of excretion, such as kidneys.
J. Centrosome (centrioles)
Star-shaped structures that function in cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis). Centrosome acts as polar bodies in mitosis and meiosis.
This structure can only be viewed using an electron microscope.
g. Plastids
Can be seen with ordinary light microscope. There are three types of plastids are:
1. Lekoplas
(White plastids serve as food storage),
consists of:
• Amiloplas (animal lays storing starch) and,
• Elaioplas (Lipidoplas) (untukmenyimpan fats / oils).
• Proteoplas (for storing protein).
2. Chloroplasts
the green plastids. This function produces plastids
chlorophyll and photosynthesis as the meeting place.
3. Kromoplas
the plastids that contain pigments, for example:
• Carotene (yellow)
• Fikodanin (blue)
• Fikosantin (yellow)
• Fikoeritrin (red)
h. Vacuoles (RonggaSel)
Some experts do not enter the vacuole as cell organelles. These objects can be seen with ordinary light microscope. Membrane barrier between the cytoplasmic vacuoles called Tonoplas
Vacuoles containing:
• organic salts
• glycosides
• tannins (substances tanner)
• etheric oils (eg Jasmine in Jasmine, Roseine on roses
Zingiberine the ginger)
• alkaloids (such as caffeine, Kinin, Nicotine, Likopersin etc.)
• enzyme
• starch grains
In boberapa known species of the contractile vacuole and non-contractile vaknola.
i. Microtubules
Thready cylindrical, rigid, serves to maintain cell shape and a "framework of the cell".
Examples of these organelles include bubble threads cleavage useful addition microtubules in pembentakan centrioles, flagella and cilia.
j. Microfilaments
As Microtubules, but softer. Its main component is formed from proteins actin and myosin (as in muscle). Microfilaments play a role in cell motility.
k. Peroxisomes (Micro Agency)
Same size as Lysosomes. Organelles is always associated with other organelles, and many contain oxidase and catalase (many stored in liver cells).
3. Core cell (nucleus)
Cell nucleus composed of parts which are:
• Selapue Core (Karioteka)
• Nukleoplasma (Kariolimfa)
• Chromatin / Chromosomes
• nucleolus (core child).
Based on the presence or absence of membrane core group of cells we know of two, namely:
• prokaryotic cells (cells that have no nucleus membrane), for example, found
in bacteria, algae blue.
• Eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus membrane).
The function of the cell nucleus are: regulate all activity (activities) cells, because there is a chromosome in the cell nucleus that contains the ADN that regulate protein synthesis.
Furthermore concluded that the cell is made up of a substance called protoplasm unity. Protoplasm term first used by Johannes Purkinje; according to Johannes Purkinje protoplasm is divided into two parts, namely the cytoplasm and Nukleoplasma
Robert Brown suggested that the nucleus (the cell nucleus) is the part that plays an important role in the cell, Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells derived from the cell (OMNIS cellula E cellula).
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CELL
Anatomically cell is divided into 3 parts, namely:
1. Plasma Membrane (or Plasma Membrane Plasmalemma).
2. Cytoplasm and organelles Tues
3. Core cell (nucleus).
1. Plasma membranes (Plasmalemma)
That membrane or cell membrane is composed of the most remarkable chemical compound Lipoprotein (a combination of fat or lipid compounds and compounds Protein).
Lipoproteins are composed of three layers when viewed from the outside in order are:
Protein - Lipid - Protein Þ Trilaminer Layer
Fat is Hidrofebik (insoluble in water) while the protein is Hydrophilic (water soluble), therefore plasma membrane is selective permeable or semi-permeable (from Overton theory).
Selectively permeable means only insert / certain molecules are skipped.
The function of the plasma membrane is organized transportation of substances from one cell to another cell.
Specialized in plant cells, in addition to having the plasma membrane there is still one more structure that is located outside the plasma membrane called the cell wall (Cell Wall).
The cell wall is composed of two layers of cellulose compounds, in between the two layers of cellulose was contained cavity called the Middle lamellae (Middle lamellae) that can be filled by reinforcing substances such as lignin, Chitine, pectin, and other Suberine
In addition to the plant cell wall there is a gap sometimes called a dot. At that point / Pit Cytoplasm often there is an extension called Plasmodesma whose function is similar to nerve function in animals.
2. Cytoplasm and cell organelles
The fluid inside the cell called the cytoplasm that are specific to the fluid in the cell nucleus called Nukleoplasma), medium-heavy and has a specific function used Organelles Tues
The main constituent of the cytoplasm is water (90%), serves as a solvent for chemical substances as well as the reaction medium kirnia cells.
Cell organelles are solid objects contained in the cytoplasm and are living (running the functions of life).
The cell organelles include:
a. Endoplasmic reticulum (re.)
That shaped structure threads which empties into the cell nucleus.
There are two types of RE are:
• RE. Granular (Rough E.R)
• RE. Agranuler (Smooth E.R)
Function R.E. are: for the transport of substances within the cell itself. Structure R.E. only be seen with an electron microscope.
b. Ribosomes (Ergastoplasma)
This structure consists of two spherical particles large and small, there are inherent throughout the RE and some are solitary. Ribosomes are the smallest cell organelles that are suspended in the cell.
The function of the ribosome are: site of protein synthesis.
This structure can only be seen with an electron microscope.
c. Miitokondria (The Power House)
Cigar-shaped structure has two layers of membranes.
Layer it grooved and named Krista
Mitochondrial function is at the center of cellular respiration produces more ATP (energy) and therefore mitochondrial given the nickname "The Power House".
d. Lysosomes
The function of these organelles is a digestive enzyme-producing and storage size. One was named Lisozym nnya Enzi.
e. Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus = Diktiosom)
Organelle is associated with excretion function of cells, and this structure can be seen using ordinary light microscope.
This organelle found in many organs of the body that implements the function of excretion, such as kidneys.
J. Centrosome (centrioles)
Star-shaped structures that function in cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis). Centrosome acts as polar bodies in mitosis and meiosis.
This structure can only be viewed using an electron microscope.
g. Plastids
Can be seen with ordinary light microscope. There are three types of plastids are:
1. Lekoplas
(White plastids serve as food storage),
consists of:
• Amiloplas (animal lays storing starch) and,
• Elaioplas (Lipidoplas) (untukmenyimpan fats / oils).
• Proteoplas (for storing protein).
2. Chloroplasts
the green plastids. This function produces plastids
chlorophyll and photosynthesis as the meeting place.
3. Kromoplas
the plastids that contain pigments, for example:
• Carotene (yellow)
• Fikodanin (blue)
• Fikosantin (yellow)
• Fikoeritrin (red)
h. Vacuoles (RonggaSel)
Some experts do not enter the vacuole as cell organelles. These objects can be seen with ordinary light microscope. Membrane barrier between the cytoplasmic vacuoles called Tonoplas
Vacuoles containing:
• organic salts
• glycosides
• tannins (substances tanner)
• etheric oils (eg Jasmine in Jasmine, Roseine on roses
Zingiberine the ginger)
• alkaloids (such as caffeine, Kinin, Nicotine, Likopersin etc.)
• enzyme
• starch grains
In boberapa known species of the contractile vacuole and non-contractile vaknola.
i. Microtubules
Thready cylindrical, rigid, serves to maintain cell shape and a "framework of the cell".
Examples of these organelles include bubble threads cleavage useful addition microtubules in pembentakan centrioles, flagella and cilia.
j. Microfilaments
As Microtubules, but softer. Its main component is formed from proteins actin and myosin (as in muscle). Microfilaments play a role in cell motility.
k. Peroxisomes (Micro Agency)
Same size as Lysosomes. Organelles is always associated with other organelles, and many contain oxidase and catalase (many stored in liver cells).
3. Core cell (nucleus)
Cell nucleus composed of parts which are:
• Selapue Core (Karioteka)
• Nukleoplasma (Kariolimfa)
• Chromatin / Chromosomes
• nucleolus (core child).
Based on the presence or absence of membrane core group of cells we know of two, namely:
• prokaryotic cells (cells that have no nucleus membrane), for example, found
in bacteria, algae blue.
• Eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus membrane).
The function of the cell nucleus are: regulate all activity (activities) cells, because there is a chromosome in the cell nucleus that contains the ADN that regulate protein synthesis.
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