Anatomy, physiology and reproduction of cells

Research shows that the smallest units of life is the cell. The word "cell" itself forward by Robert Hooke which means "empty boxes", after he observed slice of cork under a microscope.

Furthermore concluded that the cell is made up of a substance called protoplasm unity. Protoplasm term first used by Johannes Purkinje; according to Johannes Purkinje protoplasm is divided into two parts, namely the cytoplasm and Nukleoplasma

Robert Brown suggested that the nucleus (the cell nucleus) is the part that plays an important role in the cell, Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells derived from the cell (OMNIS cellula E cellula).

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CELL

Anatomically cell is divided into 3 parts, namely:

1. Plasma Membrane (or Plasma Membrane Plasmalemma).
2. Cytoplasm and organelles Tues
3. Core cell (nucleus).

1. Plasma membranes (Plasmalemma)
That membrane or cell membrane is composed of the most remarkable chemical compound Lipoprotein (a combination of fat or lipid compounds and compounds Protein).
Lipoproteins are composed of three layers when viewed from the outside in order are:
Protein - Lipid - Protein Þ Trilaminer Layer

Fat is Hidrofebik (insoluble in water) while the protein is Hydrophilic (water soluble), therefore plasma membrane is selective permeable or semi-permeable (from Overton theory).

Selectively permeable means only insert / certain molecules are skipped.

The function of the plasma membrane is organized transportation of substances from one cell to another cell.

Specialized in plant cells, in addition to having the plasma membrane there is still one more structure that is located outside the plasma membrane called the cell wall (Cell Wall).

The cell wall is composed of two layers of cellulose compounds, in between the two layers of cellulose was contained cavity called the Middle lamellae (Middle lamellae) that can be filled by reinforcing substances such as lignin, Chitine, pectin, and other Suberine

In addition to the plant cell wall there is a gap sometimes called a dot. At that point / Pit Cytoplasm often there is an extension called Plasmodesma whose function is similar to nerve function in animals.

2. Cytoplasm and cell organelles
The fluid inside the cell called the cytoplasm that are specific to the fluid in the cell nucleus called Nukleoplasma), medium-heavy and has a specific function used Organelles Tues

The main constituent of the cytoplasm is water (90%), serves as a solvent for chemical substances as well as the reaction medium kirnia cells.

Cell organelles are solid objects contained in the cytoplasm and are living (running the functions of life).

The cell organelles include:

a. Endoplasmic reticulum (re.)
That shaped structure threads which empties into the cell nucleus.
There are two types of RE are:
• RE. Granular (Rough E.R)
• RE. Agranuler (Smooth E.R)

Function R.E. are: for the transport of substances within the cell itself. Structure R.E. only be seen with an electron microscope.

b. Ribosomes (Ergastoplasma)
This structure consists of two spherical particles large and small, there are inherent throughout the RE and some are solitary. Ribosomes are the smallest cell organelles that are suspended in the cell.

The function of the ribosome are: site of protein synthesis.
This structure can only be seen with an electron microscope.

c. Miitokondria (The Power House)
Cigar-shaped structure has two layers of membranes.
Layer it grooved and named Krista

Mitochondrial function is at the center of cellular respiration produces more ATP (energy) and therefore mitochondrial given the nickname "The Power House".

d. Lysosomes
The function of these organelles is a digestive enzyme-producing and storage size. One was named Lisozym nnya Enzi.

e. Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus = Diktiosom)
Organelle is associated with excretion function of cells, and this structure can be seen using ordinary light microscope.

This organelle found in many organs of the body that implements the function of excretion, such as kidneys.

J. Centrosome (centrioles)
Star-shaped structures that function in cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis). Centrosome acts as polar bodies in mitosis and meiosis.
This structure can only be viewed using an electron microscope.

g. Plastids
Can be seen with ordinary light microscope. There are three types of plastids are:
1. Lekoplas
(White plastids serve as food storage),
consists of:
• Amiloplas (animal lays storing starch) and,
• Elaioplas (Lipidoplas) (untukmenyimpan fats / oils).
• Proteoplas (for storing protein).

2. Chloroplasts
the green plastids. This function produces plastids
chlorophyll and photosynthesis as the meeting place.

3. Kromoplas
the plastids that contain pigments, for example:
• Carotene (yellow)
• Fikodanin (blue)
• Fikosantin (yellow)
• Fikoeritrin (red)

h. Vacuoles (RonggaSel)
Some experts do not enter the vacuole as cell organelles. These objects can be seen with ordinary light microscope. Membrane barrier between the cytoplasmic vacuoles called Tonoplas

Vacuoles containing:
• organic salts
• glycosides
• tannins (substances tanner)
• etheric oils (eg Jasmine in Jasmine, Roseine on roses
Zingiberine the ginger)
• alkaloids (such as caffeine, Kinin, Nicotine, Likopersin etc.)
• enzyme
• starch grains

In boberapa known species of the contractile vacuole and non-contractile vaknola.

i. Microtubules
Thready cylindrical, rigid, serves to maintain cell shape and a "framework of the cell".
Examples of these organelles include bubble threads cleavage useful addition microtubules in pembentakan centrioles, flagella and cilia.

j. Microfilaments
As Microtubules, but softer. Its main component is formed from proteins actin and myosin (as in muscle). Microfilaments play a role in cell motility.

k. Peroxisomes (Micro Agency)
Same size as Lysosomes. Organelles is always associated with other organelles, and many contain oxidase and catalase (many stored in liver cells).

3. Core cell (nucleus)

Cell nucleus composed of parts which are:
• Selapue Core (Karioteka)
• Nukleoplasma (Kariolimfa)
• Chromatin / Chromosomes
• nucleolus (core child).

Based on the presence or absence of membrane core group of cells we know of two, namely:

• prokaryotic cells (cells that have no nucleus membrane), for example, found
in bacteria, algae blue.
• Eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus membrane).

The function of the cell nucleus are: regulate all activity (activities) cells, because there is a chromosome in the cell nucleus that contains the ADN that regulate protein synthesis.

10 Easy Ways To Learn English

In many countries where English is not the primary language, it is something important to learn English for a number of reasons. First of all, many English-speaking countries who make a business trip or a trip to countries where they can not speak the native language of the country, so it is necessary for them to talk to other people who can speak English. Then again, many who want to learn English because they hope to be able to visit or even live in an English speaking country someday.

However, how to be able to learn to speak English in a country that does not use the English language is something that is quite challenging. Unlike the case with those who are learning to speak English in these countries who are using English as the primary language, which tetunya has many resources for their learning, such as television, radio, and a library that is packed full of books written in English, while for those who study in countries that do not use English of course not as complete as that enjoyed by those who sailed in the English-speaking countries. That is why it is important to explore other options.

Here are the 10 Best Ways To Learn English for those who want to learn to speak English:

1. Internet

The Internet will be your best friend. This is because the Internet is full packed with resources, reading materials, sound recordings, and more that can help you learn about the meaning of the words so you can read them all at once pronounce it.

2. English Language Film

Go and buy or rent English movies at the video store nearest place of residence. Do not worry about the entertainment value. You just need to watch so you can stop and replay the video in order to focus on your English speaking skills.

3. Recording

Record yourself when you speak English. After you finish recording, playback and hear what you have to say. If what you say on the record is not clear, then you can try again. This is a great way to see how other people hear you.

4. Library

Come to the library and choose books that are written in English. Try it from reading the title. You just need a little cautious on the level of difficulty in practice writing a few sentences.

5. Songs Speak English

Find and buy a CD of songs and listen in English. Here you can berlatiih decipher the words and even tried to sing along. It would be very nice. And if you want, you can record yourself to be in hearing what is lacking and what needs to be improved from the way your narrative in English.

6. Each Reading Posts

Try to get familiar with the English language in all your activities. Not just with books, movies, and CDs, but many magazines and other products you can find in a store that might sell products in English. In some countries, many products are written in English in the packaging.

7. Practicing with Friends

Practicing with a friend. Your friends may not fully understand English, but they will be impressed with your skills. You can even try to teach what you have learned because you will tend to forget to repeat information.

8. Search for Meaning (Vocabulary)

If you hear the word, and you do not know what it is, immediately write and do research on what the purpose and meaning. In your research, you will find more words in the English language to make the reference point for the materials studied.

9. Activities in English

Write down all of your daily activities in a diary using the English language. You can start writing it in a simple way as you want.

10. Online Courses

And most importantly to learn English is to consider the use of English language courses online which is currently widely offered in the internet media. This online course will help you learn quickly and you will get the materials to be studied to learn. So that will make you proficient in English.

History of Law of Motion Objects

A discussion of the laws of motion of objects in recorded history begins from a Greek philosopher named Aristotle. Scientific thinking is what dominates Aristotle's views on the motion for many - years. His views on the motion of objects accepted by the public because it seems to support this view seems to what people observe in nature. Aristotle's view that emerged at that time was that the weight affect falling objects. He argues that if two objects of different mass are dropped at the same time from the same height above the surface of the earth, then the heavier object will reach the surface of the earth faster than lighter objects. He also asserted that the force should continue to be applied to keep an object to keep moving (this concept against with the law of inertia). Though both Aristotle was wrong but it took a long time to deny it.

Ibu Sina (Avicenna)

Meanwhile in Persia science is developing rapidly, especially among Muslims. One is the famous scientist Ibn Sina (980-1037). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in his book titled Teasing and Notification (Isharat wa Tanbihat) said "You know if the object is left unaffected by external influences, it remains as it is", if an object is not affected by outside influences then it will fixed (in original condition).

A few years later Abul Barakat bin Hebattullah Malacca (1087-1164) stated in his book Al-Moatabar fil Hekma (Wisdom Considerations) meaning as follows: "The strongest power moves fast and takes a short time. The Stronger the power, the faster the power, and the shorter the time. If the power does not Decrease, Decrease the speed does not, either. " In chapter fourteen entitled the Vacuum, he pointed out that "The faster the speed, the Stronger the power. The Stronger the power that pushes the object, the faster the speed of the object at the move, and the shorter the time spent for covering the distance ".

Additionally Abul Barakat is still in the same book states that "" In the wrestling arena, everyone has a practiced force against the other. If one of them retreated, this does not mean that his power disappears, but this retreated power still exists, Because without it the second one would not need it to influence the first one ".

Ibn Al Hayytham

Ibn Al-Hayytham (965 - 1039) in his book The Scenes (Al-Manather) states "The moving object is encountered by an obstruction, and if this forces remains, this moving object retreats in the opposite direction in the same practiced speed by the first object and According to the power of obstruction ".

Another opinion was delivered by Imam Fakhr El-Din Al-Razi (Mohamed Abdullah bin Omar bin al-Hassan from 1150 to 1210). In his book The Eastern Disciplines in Theology and Natural Sciences (Al-Al-Mashrikayyah Mabaheth Illm fi al-wa Al-Tabi'yyat Illaheyyat) states that "the circle pulled by two equal forces until it stops in the middle, it is taken for granted that each forces has practiced an action that obstructs the other ".

Galileo Galilei

In the western world, Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) tried to refute Aristotle's claim that the heavier object will reach the surface of the earth faster than lighter objects when dropped at the same time from the same height above the earth's surface. Galileo conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, he dropped a cannonball and a rifle bullet (bullet shaped ball) simultaneously from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Aristotle's theory predicts that the shells (more severe) first up to the ground level compared with a rifle bullet. But Galileo discovered that two objects fall at the same speed and hit the ground at approximately the same time.
Some historians question whether Galileo ever do that experiment in the tower of Pisa, but he was followed by a second phase of the work has been well documented. The second experiment involved a bronze balls of different sizes in rolled slant board. Galileo noted how far the ball will roll at each interval of one second. He found that the size of the ball is not important - the rate of descent along the path remains constant. From this, he concluded that objects in free fall accelerate the uniform apart from the masses, as long as external forces, such as air resistance and friction, can be minimized.

René Descartes

René Descartes (1596 - 1650) a French philosopher argued about inertial motion. In his book "Principles of Philosophy," proposed three laws of nature. The first law states "that every thing in his power so far, always remained in the same state. Consequently if once moving it will always move. Second law states that" all movement "from itself" is along the lines of bullets. "From the second law can be concluded that if an object is affected by force (force) generated by himself then there are two possibilities, the first when the object is stationary, then the object would remain silent. Secondly if a moving object will continue moving in a straight line. It Newton's first law is clearly stated in a book in 1644, when Newton was a baby.

Isaac Newton

In 1687, Isaac Newton (1642-1727) declared three physical laws that form the basis of classical mechanics.

1. First Law: Every object will have a constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant force acting on the object. Meaning if the resultant force is zero, then the center of mass of an object remains at rest or moving at a constant speed (not accelerating).

2. Second Law: A body of mass M having the resultant force of F will accelerate a direction similar to the direction of the force, and the magnitude is proportional to F and inversely proportional to M. or F = Ma. It could also mean the resultant force acting on an object is equal to the derivative of the linear momentum of the object with respect to time.

3. Third Law: action and reaction force of two objects have the same magnitude, the direction reversed, and the line. This means that if an object A, which gives a force of F on object B, then object B will give a force of-F to object A. F and-F have the same magnitude but different direction. This law is also known as the action-reaction law, with F called the action and-F is a reaction.

If we look carefully from Newton's third law is apparently no connection with the statement - a statement of the previous Muslim scholars. Newton's first law is similar to the statement of Ibn Sina. Newton's second law is identical to the statement Hebattullah bin Abul Barakat of Malacca, and Newton's third law and its statement proposed by Abul Barakat bin Hebattullah Malacca, Ibn Al-Hayytham, and Fakhr El-Din Al-Razi. Nevertheless, Newton was the first to declare the third law of mathematics.

Thus seen that Muslim scientists was instrumental to the development of the science and technology developed at this time.

Carbon Compounds

Karbin compounds abundant in nature, both derived from living beings, inanimate objects, or produced synthetically in the laboratory. The ability of carbon atoms forming a chain of bonds between carbon atoms resulted banyakna molekusl variety of carbon compounds.

1. Reaction-reakis Carbon Compounds
There are 3 main reactions that can occur in the reaction of carbon compounds substitution, addition and elimination.

a. The substitution reaction
Subitusi reaction is the reaction force at the turn of the atom or a carbon compound with another atom or group.

b. Addition reactions
Addition reactions occur when carbon compounds that have carbon double bond terminated two or three double bonds to one atom or group entered.

c. Elimination reactions
Elimination reaction is a reaction that involves the release of ions, atoms, or groups.

2. Role of Functional Groups of carbon compounds
a. functional groups can determine the nature of the compound.
b. functional groups is an active part in action with other compounds.

Magnitude Physics (Principal Amount and the amount of derivatives)

In everyday life, we often hear the term length, time, temperature, and weight. Apparently unconsciously we have learned about the physics discussion of "Magnitude".

However, what is the definition of this magnitude? From various sources I've read, the definition of magnitude in physics is anything that can be measured with numbers and have the exact unit.

Of the many scale as we know, the amount is divided into two principal groups: the scale and magnitude of the derivative. The definition of principal amount is the amount that has been determined in advance (on the set) based on the consensus of the physicist. In Indonesia there is a term "nine basic", in physics as well as it turns out there is a term, which is "the seven principal amount". Seven principal amount consists of scale length, time, mass, electric current, the number of molecules, and light intensity.

In addition to the amount - the amount of principal that has been stated above, is also called the derivative. The definition of the magnitude of the derivative is the amount derived from one or more of the principal amount. For example, the volume derived from the scale length; style derived from the amount of mass, length and time; velocity derived from the length and time scale. More details see table quantities and units are also at the bottom of this post.

Scale indicate the nature of the object. This trait is expressed in numbers through the measurement results. Because the magnitude scale is different from the other, then set the units for each scale. Unit also suggests that each scale is measured in different ways. In order for the uniformity, the units for scale - physical quantities based on the International System of units (SI). The SI unit is taken from the metric system has been used in France after the revolution of 1789.

Here is the scale - physical quantities and their units:

Basic SI quantities
Quantity	Dimension	Alternatives	Root definition and Notes
Length/distance	m	m	meter
Mass	kg	kg	kilogram
Time	s	s	second
Curren, electric	A	A	ampere
Temperature	K	K	kelvin
Quantity of subtance	mol	mol	mole
Luminosity/Luminous Intensity	cd	cd	candle

Quantum Numbers

Quantum number is an integer or half-round which gives values ​​in a sustem atoms or molecules, such as energy level spectrum or magnetic properties. For there are 4 types of atomic quantum number is the principal quantum number, azimuth, magnetic, and spin.

1. Principal quantum number
The principal quantum number is a positive number that shows the positions or relative distance to the core electrons. Disimbulkan with principal quantum number n. The greater the value of n, the greater the size of the orbitals occupied by electrons

Skin k = 1 L = 2 M = 3 N = 4 O = 5 P = 6 Q = 7

2. Azimuthal quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number is a positive number whose magnitude depends on the value of the principal quantum number and menggamberkan type of subshell electrons in atoms.

each subshell given the symbol s, p, d, f. The letters s, p, d, f and f are from ancient spectroscopy spectrum line called sharp, principal, and fundamental difusse

Price n price l Type subshell
n = 1 l = 0 s
n = 2 l = 0.1 s p
n = 3 l = 0,1,2 s p d
n = 4 l = 0,1,2,3 s p d f

3. Magnetic quantum numbers
Magnetic quantum number is an integer, the amount depends on the value of azimuthal quantum number and determine the orientation of the orbitals and the number of electrons in atomic orbitals. Magnetic quantum number is symbolized by the m.

m =-l, ..., + l

4. Spin quantum numbers
Spin quantum number is a number that characterizes the direction of rotation of the electron around sumbunyadan describe the nature of the spectrum with a value of +1 / 2 or -1 / 2. The + or - only show opposite directions and can be described by using the arrows, the ↑ and ↓

Understanding structure and function of cells

The cell is the basic unit of the human body where each organ is gregasi / unification of the various cells that are united to one another by endorsement interselluler structures. Each type of cell is devoted to perform a particular function. For example, the number of red blood cells 25 trillion serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

In addition to red blood cells there are about 75 trillion cells that make up the human body else, so that the number of human cells in about 100 trillion cells. Although many cells are different from one another, but generally the whole cell sifar have basic properties that are similar to each other, for example:

1). oxygen is bound to the carbohydrate, fat or protein in each cell to release energy
2). common mechanism to change food into energy
3). each cell release final results to the fluid surrounding the reaction
4). almost all cells have the ability to conduct reproductive and if a particular cell gets damaged then other similar cells will regenerate In general, the cells that make up the human body has a basic structure consisting of a cell membrane, protoplasm and the cell nucleus (nucleus).


All three have a chemical composition consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

a. Water The main fluid medium of the cell is water, which is present in 70-85% concentration. Many chemicals cell soluble in water, while others are in the form of suspension or membranous

b. Electrolyte The most important of the cell electrolyte is Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Chloride and Calcium. Inorganic electrolyte provides material for cellular reactions and mechanisms involved in the control of cell

c. Protein Plays an important role in virtually all physiological processes and can be summarized as the following:

1. Enzymatic Process
2. The process of transport and storage
3. The process of movement
4. Mechanical function
5. Immunological processes
6. Originator and conductor of impulses in nerve cells
7. Regulate the growth and regeneration

d. Fat Fatty acids are a component of the cell membrane is a long hydrocarbon chain, while the fatty acids stored in the cell is triacylglycerol, a highly hydrophobic molecule. Because triacylglycerol molecule is not soluble in water / saline solution it will form lipid droplets in fat cells (adipose cells), which is a source of energy. Fatty molecules that make up cell membranes have hydroxyl groups (phospholipids and cholesterol) that can bind to the water, while the other hydrophobic groups (not tied to water) so-called amfifatik.

e. Carbohydrate A carbohydrate composed of atoms C, H, and O. Carbohydrates that have 5 C atoms are called pentoses, six C atoms called hexosa are carbohydrates that are essential for cell function. Carbohydrates are made up of many units called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides serve as a backup energy source and as components that make up the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Carbohydrates that bind to proteins (glycoproteins) and that bind to fats (glycolipids) is an important structure of the cell membrane. Besides structuring glycolipids and glycoproteins blood group antigens that can induce an immunological reaction. Similarly, other living beings, the same chemical constituent cells. Constituent chemical compound called a blastema cells. Protoplasm is a complex substance. Most of the protoplasm consist of water. nevertheless characterize the protein structure. Organic compounds in the protoplasm form of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids.